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PQ HOSTING Announces Withdrawal from European Markets
CHISINAU, Moldova
PQ HOSTING, an international hosting provider founded in the Republic of Moldova, reports that a combination of large-scale cyberattacks and a subsequent reputational campaign ultimately forced the company to withdraw from the European market despite operating infrastructure in more than 40 countries and serving over 150 000 active clients worldwide.

Founded in 2019 by Moldovan entrepreneur Ivan Neculiti, the company rapidly expanded its global server infrastructure, managing more than 400 000 IP addresses and delivering hosting solutions to businesses and developers internationally. However, according to company representatives and independent technical experts, a series of events beginning in 2022 significantly disrupted operations and partnerships across Europe.
Terabit-Scale Cyberattacks Target Infrastructure
According to the company’s founder, the first major incidents occurred in 2022 when PQ HOSTING became the target of multiple distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks with traffic volumes reaching unprecedented levels.
“The attacks reached peaks of up to 2 terabits per second, which is significantly higher than the levels typically observed in standard incidents within the hosting industry,” said Ivan Neculiti, founder of PQ HOSTING.
Neculiti stated that the attack traffic appeared globally distributed and was directed primarily at networks serving the company’s clients in the European Union and the Republic of Moldova.
Large-scale cyber campaigns of this magnitude are generally associated with coordinated distributed infrastructures rather than isolated attacks. According to materials from Moldova’s Cybersecurity Agency, high-volume DDoS attacks frequently originate from globally distributed systems and do not necessarily indicate that the hosting provider itself is involved in illegal activity.
Investigations related to Operation Doppelgänger, referenced in several cybersecurity publications, illustrate this dynamic. Research conducted by Insikt Group (Recorded Future) found that the infrastructure used in the campaign relied on servers rented from multiple international providers.
The report highlights a broader characteristic of the modern internet ecosystem: malicious actors commonly exploit short-term rented virtual servers from various providers without the infrastructure operators’ knowledge.
Media Allegations Follow Technical Disruptions
Following the technical disruptions, PQ HOSTING says it became the subject of a series of media publications accusing the company and its partners of facilitating Russian propaganda activities. The allegations first appeared in several European and U.S. outlets before spreading to media platforms across CIS countries.
Neculiti describes the situation as a typical escalation pattern in hybrid conflicts.
“First there is a technical attack on infrastructure, then a reputational attack in the media, followed by pressure on partners and institutions. This sequence has been observed in multiple geopolitical conflicts involving digital infrastructure,” he said.
Industry sources note that the hosting and cloud infrastructure market in Eastern Europe is highly competitive. Cyberattacks are sometimes used as a tool to destabilize competitors without leaving clear attribution.
In 2024, Moldova itself experienced a wave of cyber incidents targeting government online resources, including phishing copies of official websites. Investigations revealed that infrastructure belonging to several hosting providers had been used during these attacks, including M247 Europe SRL, a major European network operator with a global infrastructure footprint.
Authorities: Infrastructure Use Does Not Equal Liability
According to official responses from Moldova’s National Investigation Inspectorate (INI), between 2023 and 2025 the agency sent 412 formal requests to hosting providers operating in the country, most of which originated from foreign authorities.
The Inspectorate emphasized that the number of requests does not automatically indicate wrongdoing by a provider. Instead, it often reflects the scale of the infrastructure and the number of customers served.
The Cybersecurity Agency of Moldova similarly stated that it has not received official notifications regarding DDoS attacks targeting private hosting providers and reiterated that infrastructure operators are not responsible for hosted content unless formally notified by competent authorities.
Experts: Encryption Limits Provider Visibility
Independent technical and legal analysis supports the position that hosting providers have limited ability to monitor customer activity.
A report prepared by MikroTik expert Vadim Skornici notes that EU data protection legislation, including the GDPR, prohibits providers from conducting preventive monitoring of user content.
Modern internet communications rely heavily on encryption technologies such as HTTPS, VPN services, and encrypted traffic tunneling, which prevent infrastructure providers from inspecting user communications.
“A hosting provider can observe traffic volume and technical metadata such as IP addresses and ports, but the actual content remains encrypted,” Skornici explained. “Attempting to access that content would require bypassing encryption and could constitute illegal interception under European law.”
As a result, providers can detect unusual traffic patterns or excessive resource usage but cannot determine the exact nature of hosted content without intervention from competent authorities.
Misinterpretation of IP Addresses
A separate technical-legal analysis prepared by a European cybersecurity expert emphasizes that linking an IP address directly to criminal activity is a common misunderstanding of internet infrastructure.
In modern hosting environments, IP addresses are dynamic technical resources that can be reassigned repeatedly and may serve thousands of different users over time. Consequently, the appearance of an IP address in a security report does not demonstrate involvement or intent on the part of the infrastructure provider.
European legal practice recognizes the “notice-and-takedown” mechanism as the primary framework governing hosting provider responsibilities. Under this system, providers are required to act only after receiving an official notification or court order.
Several European court decisions have reinforced the principle of infrastructure neutrality, stating that hosting providers cannot be treated as investigative authorities and cannot be held liable for user activity without clear evidence of direct involvement.
Similar Cases Documented Across Europe
Cybersecurity analysts say the PQ HOSTING case reflects a pattern previously observed in the global hosting market.
Research conducted by internet infrastructure intelligence company Censys into the DDoSia attack network demonstrates how distributed attack campaigns rely on short-term rented virtual servers across multiple hosting providers.
The report identifies infrastructure associated with several international companies, including large providers such as OVH, as well as data centers in Switzerland whose networks were also used in malicious operations.
The analysis concludes that the use of hosting infrastructure in cyberattacks does not indicate provider involvement but instead highlights systemic vulnerabilities inherent in open hosting ecosystems.
According to Censys researchers, DDoSia typically relies on rapidly rotating VPS infrastructure with an average operational lifespan of two to three days, making attribution particularly difficult.
Broader Implications for the Hosting Industry
Cybersecurity specialists warn that attributing responsibility to hosting providers solely on the basis of IP address associations or traffic logs could create significant risks for the digital infrastructure sector.
If such standards were widely applied, experts say, virtually any hosting provider could face liability for activities carried out by anonymous third-party users operating through rented infrastructure.
Recent investigations, including Politico’s report “The Secret, Slopshod Evidence the EU Uses to Sanction Russian Oligarchs,” have also highlighted cases in which sanctions decisions were based on incomplete or outdated information.
Looking Ahead
According to company representatives and legal advisers involved in the matter, the dispute surrounding PQ HOSTING may ultimately be reviewed by European judicial institutions.
Observers note that the case illustrates broader challenges facing infrastructure providers operating in highly competitive and geopolitically sensitive markets.
For emerging technology companies from smaller economies such as Moldova, the combination of cyberattacks, reputational pressure, and commercial isolation can have significant consequences for global market access.
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Nonprofit Organization, Citizens Academy US, Makes Official Public Release of Guide to Complete Understanding of the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution
Washington, DCCitizens Academy U.S., a nonprofit dedicated to helping Americans understand the U.S. Constitution’s Preamble, has officially released The Guide to Complete Understanding of the Preamble to the United States Constitution in celebration of Constitution Day, September 17. The organization is hosting a free online event, “The Day ‘We the People’ Appeared,” on September 13, 2026, […]
Washington, DC
Citizens Academy U.S., a nonprofit dedicated to helping Americans understand the U.S. Constitution’s Preamble, has officially released The Guide to Complete Understanding of the Preamble to the United States Constitution in celebration of Constitution Day, September 17. The organization is hosting a free online event, “The Day ‘We the People’ Appeared,” on September 13, 2026, exploring the Preamble and its six purposes.
The Preamble Guide Simplifies Understanding of the Six Purposes of the U.S. Constitution
In celebration of Constitution Day, September 17th, the Citizens Academy U.S., a nonprofit organization with the goal to help hundreds of millions of Americans understand the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution, just made their official public release of The Guide to Complete Understanding of the Preamble to the United States Constitution.

As noted on their website, the Preamble lays out all six purposes of the U.S. Constitution, and they are working to restore clarity and shared understanding of the Preamble and thus these six purposes. They do not explain or interpret what it means, they provide an enjoyable and easy way to completely understand it, so people can make up their own mind as to what it means.
Constitution Day is celebrated annually across the U.S. every September 17th as it is the day when 39 delegates signed the United States Constitution at Independence Hall in Philadelphia in 1787. In addition to the official release of their Guide, Citizens Academy US is hosting a free online event on Sunday, September 13, 2026, at 11am PT/2pm ET, entitled, The Day “We the People” Appeared. The event is expected to run for 1.5 hours and is open to free public registration at this link.
Academy officials have observed that many Americans who have attempted to read the Constitution have difficulty in understanding it. They attribute this to the fact that languages change over time, and many words do not mean what they meant when the Constitution was drafted. “Definitions from the late 1700s vary drastically from today’s definitions,” said Academy spokesperson Steven Ferry, “and it is vitally important that the Constitution is read with reference to the original definitions in use at the time it was written.”
To help people overcome this challenge, Citizens Academy US provides definitions in their Guide based on those from Noah Webster’s 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language. This early dictionary reveals what the words meant to the Founders and the people at the time the Constitution was written.
As an example, the definition of “welfare” in the Guide, based on Webster’s 1828 dictionary is: “the enjoyment of peace and prosperity, and other benefits of society, such as protection of rights, public safety, justice, and liberty.” Today’s Oxford Learner’s Dictionary includes an additional definition which people often refer to: “practical or financial help that is provided, often by the government, for people or animals that need it.”
Academy officials have also observed that when the Preamble is read with the original definitions in mind, understanding the six purposes of the Constitution becomes simple and the results are profound. The principle that forms the basis of the Guide is a quote by best-selling author L. Ron Hubbard, who wrote, “Complete understanding depends upon freedom from misunderstood words.”
By visiting the Citizens Academy US website, you can view the Guide and download it for free or purchase the hardcover or softcover in their bookstore.

In honor of Constitution Day, Citizens Academy US is hosting a free online event, titled “The Day ‘We the People’ Appeared” on September 13, 2026, at 11am PT/2pm ET
The Citizens Academy US is a fully IRS recognized 501 (c)(3) charitable organization with the mission to bring about a greater understanding in America. The goal of the Citizens Academy US is to have 100’s of millions of Americans understand the first sentence of the United States Constitution, which is called the Preamble. The Preamble contains the six purposes of the Constitution and understanding the Preamble enables Americans to grasp what the Constitution is meant to achieve.
For more information about Citizens Academy US, please visit: www.CitizensAcademy.us
Media Contact Details
Steven Ferry
Citizens Academy US
Email: Send Email
Phone: 727-492-4082
Website: citizensacademy.us
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Ángela Rodríguez Expands REFLEJO™ Method and Inclusive Beauty Education Initiatives
NEW YORK, USAAuthor, Beauty Educator, and founder of Divina Makeup advances international education, accessibility, and community-focused programs centered on makeup, autonomy, and women’s empowerment.
Author, Beauty Educator, and founder of Divina Makeup advances international education, accessibility, and community-focused programs centered on makeup, autonomy, and women’s empowerment.
NEW YORK, USA
Colombian-born author, Beauty Educator, and entrepreneur Ángela Rodríguez is expanding her work around the REFLEJO™ Method, an educational self-makeup methodology designed to help women better understand their individual features, needs, and personal approach to beauty.

Ángela, founder of Divina Makeup and author of Maquíllate en 6 Pasos (Make Yourself Up in 6 Steps), is developing the next stage of her educational platform through an updated edition of her book, digital learning resources, accessibility initiatives, international outreach, and community programs focused on women’s confidence, autonomy, and inclusion.
At the center of the initiative is the REFLEJO™ Method, which is based on the principle that every woman is unique and should learn to understand her own face rather than simply reproduce makeup techniques created for someone else.
For Ángela, makeup education extends beyond teaching the application of foundation, concealer, or eyeshadow. Her approach focuses on providing women with practical knowledge that can help them make informed decisions about their appearance while developing greater confidence in their own skills.
“True transformation begins when a woman learns to see herself differently,” Ángela said.
Expanding the REFLEJO™ Method
Ángela is currently developing a new edition of Maquíllate en 6 Pasos that will incorporate the REFLEJO™ Method and expand the educational resources available to readers.
The new edition is planned to include QR codes connecting readers with complementary audiovisual learning materials. The project is also being developed with accessibility resources intended to make makeup education more inclusive for people with hearing disabilities, including sign language interpretation and subtitled content.
The initiative reflects Ángela’s broader objective of making beauty education more accessible to women with different backgrounds, ages, cultures, and life experiences.
She also intends to expand the REFLEJO™ Method internationally as an educational framework that can be used across workshops, community programs, and other learning environments.
From New York Fashion Platforms to Education
Since arriving in New York in 2020, Ángela has worked across several areas of the beauty industry while establishing herself as an educator, author, professional makeup artist, and entrepreneur.

Her professional experience has included participation in major New York fashion platforms, including New York Fashion Week, where she has held leadership roles within makeup teams.
Alongside her work as a makeup artist, Ángela has focused on creating professional development opportunities for emerging artists. She has supported initiatives that allow aspiring makeup professionals to gain experience at fashion shows, develop portfolios, strengthen practical skills, and gain exposure to professional working environments.
Her makeup artistry has also appeared in publications and magazine covers connected with New York and France.
As an educator and entrepreneur, Ángela has participated in events throughout the Latino community in the United States, using those opportunities to discuss makeup education, entrepreneurship, confidence, and professional development.
Bogotá International Book Fair Milestone
In 2026, Ángela participated in the Bogotá International Book Fair (FILBo), where she presented her work as an author and discussed her approach to connecting makeup education with women’s empowerment.
The appearance represented another step in Ángela’s effort to expand her work beyond traditional beauty services and develop a broader educational platform.
Her current work builds on that experience by integrating her published material with the REFLEJO™ Method, digital education, accessibility, and community engagement.
Bringing Beauty Education to Communities
Ángela is also strengthening partnerships and developing social initiatives aimed at providing free workshops focused on self-makeup, self-esteem, and empowerment.
The planned initiatives are intended to reach women in Afro-descendant, rural, and Indigenous communities in Colombia, as well as other populations that may have limited access to beauty education and related professional-development opportunities.
Through these programs, Ángela aims to apply the experience she has developed in the beauty industry to educational and community-based settings.
She has also begun collaborating with organizations and foundations that support women while developing a broader social-impact platform centered on education, leadership, inclusion, and dignity.
Connecting Beauty Education With Women’s Rights
Ángela recently participated in an event held within the context of the United Nations focused on education for peace and human rights.
She describes the experience as an important development in her work and one that strengthened her interest in participating in initiatives involving women’s rights, education, dignity, and access to opportunity.
Her long-term vision is to connect beauty education with wider social-impact initiatives and establish strategic partnerships capable of bringing those programs to additional communities.
For Ángela, women’s empowerment encompasses more than personal appearance. Her work increasingly addresses education, autonomy, inclusion, professional opportunity, dignity, and women’s ability to make informed decisions about their own lives.
An Immigrant Entrepreneur Building From New York
Ángela’s professional development also reflects her experience as a Colombian immigrant establishing a career in the United States.
Since moving to New York in 2020, she has worked to build her professional identity across makeup artistry, education, publishing, and entrepreneurship while developing Divina Makeup and the REFLEJO™ Method.
Her focus has gradually shifted from applying makeup for clients toward teaching women how to understand their individual features, develop practical skills, and approach their personal image with greater independence.
Through fashion, education, publishing, community initiatives, and international outreach, Ángela is continuing to develop a platform that brings together beauty education and social purpose.
About Ángela Rodríguez
Ángela Rodríguez is a Colombian-born author, professional makeup artist, Beauty Educator, entrepreneur, and creator of the REFLEJO™ Method. She is the founder of Divina Makeup and author of Maquíllate en 6 Pasos. Based in New York, her work focuses on self-makeup education, professional development, inclusion, accessibility, women’s empowerment, and community-focused initiatives.
Instagram: @divina.make.up
Media Contact
Ángela Rodríguez
Author | Beauty Educator | Creator of the REFLEJO™ Method
Founder, Divina Makeup
New York, United States
Instagram: @divina.make.up
Photo Credit: Photos accompanying this release were taken by New York-based photographer Dong Yang.
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BTI, Cornell Develop AI Tool to Map Hidden Universe of Small Molecules
Ithaca, NYResearchers at the Boyce Thompson Institute and Cornell University have developed AIMe (AI Molecule Explorer), a neuro-symbolic AI tool that predicts, organizes, and searches mass spectra for more than 100 million known small organic molecules—creating a searchable map of chemical space roughly a thousand times larger than existing experimental libraries. Applying AIMe to gut microbiome data, the team identified a previously unknown, ring-shaped polyamine compound also found in human fecal samples, and used the tool to annotate millions of unidentified spectra in a major public mass spectrometry database.
Researchers at the Boyce Thompson Institute and Cornell University have developed AIMe (AI Molecule Explorer), a neuro-symbolic AI tool that predicts, organizes, and searches mass spectra for more than 100 million known small organic molecules—creating a searchable map of chemical space roughly a thousand times larger than existing experimental libraries. Applying AIMe to gut microbiome data, the team identified a previously unknown, ring-shaped polyamine compound also found in human fecal samples, and used the tool to annotate millions of unidentified spectra in a major public mass spectrometry database.
Ithaca, NY
Researchers at the Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) and Cornell University unveiled AIMe (AI Molecule Explorer), a neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence tool that predicts and maps the mass spectra of more than 100 million known small organic molecules. The tool tackles a long-standing bottleneck in biomedical science—more than 80% of small molecules detected in a typical biological sample cannot be matched to a known structure—a gap that has stalled discoveries linking the gut microbiome, immunity, and metabolism.

The work is a collaboration between Frank Schroeder, Professor at BTI and in Cornell’s Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and Carla Gomes, Professor of Computing and Information Science and director of Cornell’s AI for Science Institute.
A different approach to an old problem
Mass spectrometry is the workhorse for small molecule identification used in a wide range of applications from toxicology to food analysis. When a compound is analyzed, the instrument fragments it and records the masses of the resulting pieces. That pattern of fragments, the tandem mass spectrum (or MS2 spectrum), functions as a molecular fingerprint. To identify an unknown compound, researchers compare its spectrum against a reference library of spectra from known compounds or develop hypotheses as to what the structure of a compound may be based on manual analysis of the fragmentation pattern.
The problem is that experimental reference libraries remain sparse, while expert, one-by-one interpretation is labor-intensive and slow. Collectively, available libraries cover fewer than 1% of known compounds, and resolving the structure of a single unknown can take days to months of iterative analysis and experimental validation. As a result, spectra without close library matches usually remain unannotated.
AIMe takes a different approach. Rather than waiting for experimental spectra to accumulate in libraries, it predicts spectra computationally—then organizes those predictions into a searchable resource called MS2KOSMOS. AIMe generated more than 800 million predicted spectra covering essentially all known small organic molecules in PubChem, the largest publicly available chemical database. That represents roughly a thousandfold expansion of searchable chemical space relative to existing experimental libraries.
“At the core of AIMe is DeepMS2Reasoner, a model that simulates how molecules fragment inside a mass spectrometer,” explained Gomes. “It builds fragmentation pathways step by step, using symbolic chemical rules to enumerate physically plausible fragmentation steps and a neural network to assign likelihoods to each step. The result is a predicted spectrum and an annotated map of how a molecule came apart—a feature that makes AIMe’s outputs interpretable in chemical terms, not just computationally useful.”
From mouse gut to human biology
To demonstrate what AIMe can do in practice, the researchers applied it to a comparative metabolomics dataset from mice. The experiment compared germ-free mice, animals raised without any gut microbiota, against mice with a normal complement of gut bacteria. Several thousand chemical features differed between the two groups, and most of the abundant ones could not be identified using standard methods.
The team used AIMe to query MS2KOSMOS with spectra from the 111 most abundant unidentified microbiota-dependent compounds. For roughly a third, AIMe retrieved close predicted spectral matches and related structural candidates, providing chemically interpretable leads for follow-up. For the rest, AIMe mapped the unknown spectra to molecular neighborhoods—sets of structurally related compounds whose shared fragmentation patterns could inform hypotheses about what the unknowns might be.
“Two compounds in particular became a case study in what AI-guided structure elucidation can accomplish,” said Schroeder. “Both produced spectra that suggested they were polyamine derivatives, a well-studied class of molecules, but the fragment patterns didn’t match anything previously described. Using AIMe’s output as a guide, our team assembled candidate structures combinatorially, predicted spectra for each candidate, and used the comparison to narrow the field.”
For the first compound, the best candidate was a linear putrescine derivative, which was then easily verified by synthesizing an authentic standard. For the second, the predicted spectra of potential candidates consistently failed to explain two prominent peaks—until the team expanded the search to include cyclized variants.
Synthesis confirmed what the predictions suggested. The second compound turned out to be a structurally unusual macrocyclic polyamine—a ring-shaped variant unlike any previously reported from mouse or human biology. Searches of a large public mass spectrometry database subsequently found the same compound in samples of human origin, detected in 57 of 99 human fecal samples examined.
Polyamines occupy an important position in biology. They sit at the intersection of diet, the gut microbiome, and immune function—and these findings suggest that the catalog of microbiota-dependent polyamines is far less complete than scientists assumed.
Annotation at scale
The researchers also tested AIMe at repository scale, applying it to more than 7 million spectral clusters from the Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking database, one of the largest publicly available repositories of mass spectrometry data. Prior annotation efforts had annotated roughly 416,000 of those clusters. AIMe returned putative annotations for approximately 2.69 million, using the same similarity threshold applied in that earlier effort.
AIMe is accessible at https://www.cs.cornell.edu/gomes/udiscoverit/kosmos/ and the source code will be made publicly available upon publication of the study. The preprint is available on bioRxiv (DOI: 10.64898/2026.08.05.743095).
About the Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI)
As an independent nonprofit research institute affiliated with Cornell University, our scientists are committed to advancing solutions for global food security, agricultural sustainability, and human health. Through groundbreaking research, transformative education, and rapid translation of discoveries into real-world applications, BTI bridges fundamental plant and molecular science with practical impact. Discovery inspired by plants since 1924. Learn more at BTIscience.org.
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